![]() ![]() ![]() participation in Second World War, is definitely an emblem of the environmental movement. Robinson Jeffers, the critically neglected American poet for his opposition of U.S. So Naeess, in his eight-tier framework of Deep Ecology, proposed human beings to forget their demi-God attitude and define nature in terms of reverence and selflessness and proclaimed the theory of Personalism, a worldview that recognizes humans as continuous with nature and not its most important members. After the mid-twentieth century this anthropocentric perspective gradually turned to be the major cause for exploitation of nature. European and North-American ideology, according to Naess, was founded upon the notion of human dominance over nature and nature valued as a human resource which was later christened as ‘anthropocentrism’. It is Arne Naess, the Norwegian philosopher, who coined the phrase ‘Deep Ecology’ in his article “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary” (1973). It is also a contribution of the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Aldous Huxley. Deep Ecology, one of the most recent and highly explicated philosophical theories on environment, is formulated on borrowed ideas from Aldo Leopold’s book ‘A Sand County Almanac’, Devall and Sessions’ ‘New Physics’, James Lovelock’s ‘The Gaia Hypothesis’. ![]()
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